第二十三章 指尖如酒[第3页/共6页]

Basicassumptionsareaboutpeople’snature，thenatureofhumanrelationships，thenatureofhumanactivity，andthenatureoftherelationshipsbetweenpeopleandtheirphysicalandsocialenvironments.Basicassumptionsinhumannatureareconsistof:Freedom-Determinism，Rationality-Irrationality，Holism-Elemetalism，Constitutionalism-Environmentalism，Subjectivity-Objectivity，Proactivity-Reactivity，Homeostasis-Heterostasis，andKnowability-Unknownablity.

◆Likert’sfoursystems

Theprinciplecanusethetheoryofbasicassumptionstounderstandtheemployees，andtomotiveaswellastoinductthem.Iftheworkersalwaysgetpositiveassumptionsfromthecampusenvironment，theymayoptimisticandwillingtocontribute，andviseversa.Theleadermayalsousethebasicassumptionstogetanalysisoftheinstitutionandworkers，thushelpdesigningthefuture.

◆Mutualpurpose

◆Classicalorganizationaltheory

◆Organizationalculture

◆HumanCapital

Inmyopinion，theschoolwhichadoptstheoryXmaybecomemoreandmorerigid，butitcanalsorunsmoothly，aslongastheprinciplecankeeptheteachersobeythedisciplines.Ontheotherhand，theschoolwhichpreferstheoryYmaywitnessthecreativenessandvigorofteachers.However，thereisalsoariskthattheprinciplecanhardlycontroltheteachersanymore.

Thecontingencyviewholdsthatthereisnoonebestwayofmanagingunderallconditions，butthatthereareoptimalwaysofmanagingconflictundercertainconditions.Therearesituational-contingentfactorsthataffectaleader＇sabilitytolead.Theeffectivenessofworkersdependsonhowgoodamatchexistsbetweentheleadershipstyleoftheleaderandthedemandsofthesituation.